Trees and Shrubs as Landscape Structure Elements of the Western Kazakhstan
Kazhmurat M. Akhmedenov
Issue: 101, Pages: 1-10, Article No: e101001, Year: 2017
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to analyze the environment of the Western Kazakhstan desert and steppe biota in order to select tree and shrub species with good prospects for a large-scale succession in the desert. We have analyzed the tree and shrub species available in the Western Kazakhstan in order to identify a group of species suitable for desert lands. The specific feature of our subject matter is that the problem of desert advancing is imposed by the problem of global warming and increasing of the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We have considered the current status of forest fund and assessed the agro-forestry potential of the West Kazakhstan Region. The article identifies the main stages of silvicultural activity. Forest ecosystems performing a variety of environmental functions are important elements in the landscape structure in arid regions. The role of their creation, regulation and support is particularly important in the light of climate and social changes. The key attributes of plantation often involve drying processes, brashy wood, pests and diseases, unauthorized logging, changing species, invasion of aggressive species and aesthetic unattractiveness.
Keywords: landscape, woody vegetation, forest division, ravine forest, land and forest reclamation, arid region, West Kazakhstan Region
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Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Patterns on Soil Biological Characteristics in Mining Subsidence Area―A Case Study of Jiaozuo Forest Park
Jiao Jun-Dang, MA Shou-Chen
Issue: 101, Pages: 11-16, Article No: e101002, Year: 2017
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
Land reclamation and ecological reconstruction in mining subsidence area are important measures to improve the ecological environment of mining areas. Soil is the key factor to mainten the functional stability of restored ecosystem, different reclamation and utilization patterns have different effects on soil characteristics. The reclaimed soil microbial characteristics of artificial lawn, red maple forest, acacia forest, and flower bed in forest park of Jiaozuo city are studied through the field investigation and laboratory analysis. The results show that, compared with the artificial lawn, the other three vegetation restoration patterns significantly improve the soil microbial characteristics of the reclaimed soil. The effects of four vegetation restoration patterns on soil nutrients and soil biological characteristics are artificial lawn<red maple forest< acacia forest < flower bed. Relevant analysis shows that, the biological characteristics of the reclaimed soil are closely related to soil nutrients. Especially soil organic carbon is significantly positively correlated with each of the soil microbial properties (P<0.01), such as SMBC, SMBN, SMBC/ SMBN, qMB, soil enzyme activity and soil respiration rate.
Keywords: mining subsidence, land reclamation, reclamation mode, soil microbial characteristics
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Prediction of the Death Toll of Environmental Pollution in China’s Coal Mine Based on Metabolism-GM (1, n) Markov Model
Song Jiang, Minjie Lian, CaiWu Lu, Qinghua Gu, Hai Zhao
Issue: 101, Pages: 17-23, Article No: e101003, Year: 2017
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
The data of death toll in China’s coal mine cuased by environmental pollution is very difficult to predict because of its characteristics of small data volume, strong discreteness and non-linearity. In order to accurately predict the death toll in coal mine caused by environmental pollution, and take effective preventive measures to reduce casualties, in this paper, the grey GM (1, n) forecast model, Markov Theory and metabolic thought are combined. With the calculation of weight of grey Markov model by order relation analysis method, the predictive model is constructed, and a method which is suitable for predicting the death toll of environmental pollution in coal mineis proposed. Based on the death toll of coal mine traffic accidents from 2001 to 2013, the above model is used to predict the death toll of coal mine environmental pollution in 2014, and the result is compared with the actual data. The result shows that the relative error of the prediction on the death cuased by environmental pollution in China’s coal mine based on metabolism-GM (1, n) Markov model is 32.73% less than that of grey GM (1, n) prediction model. It can be seen that the proposed grey Markov model has high prediction accuracy and meets the actual demand. It is an effective method to predict the death of China’s coal mine generated by environmental pollution.
Keywords: metabolism, Markov model, Gray model, environmental pollution
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