Modeling on Water Dynamics of Irrigated Winter Wheat and WUE under Limited Water Supply
Zhou Qingyun, Zhang Baozhong, Han Nana
Issue: 104, Pages: 1-8, Article No: e104001, Year: 2018
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
Irrigation improves grain yield, but excessive irrigation might not increase yield at all. Field experiments and simulations on water dynamics of winter wheat, as influenced by a distinct water supply in Tianjin region, were investigated. Hydrus-1D was applied to simulate soil water dynamics of winter wheat under different irrigation regime. The results showed that Hydrus-1D performed well in simulating soil water dynamics under flood irrigation with a different water supply considering crop growth and groundwater table variation. Root-mean-square error values were within 0.008–0.03384cm3cm-3, compared with experimental results. Evapotranspiration was the highest under high irrigation amount with four irrigations, as well as downward drainage. However, grain yield was not the highest under this condition, and water use efficiency (WUE) was relatively low due to insufficient water irrigation supply. Water stress was the highest under no irrigation condition due to water scarcity. The maximum value of WUE occurred with low irrigation amount with two irrigations as a result of low leaf area index and water stress. Therefore, applying two irrigations in winter wheat during growing season is an efficient irrigation regime for the Tianjin region of North China.
Keywords: winter wheat, Hydrus-1D, water stress, water use efficiency
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Correlations between Roots of Caragana Korshinskii and Soil Moisture after Stumping
Yuefeng Guo, Wei Qi
Issue: 104, Pages: 9-20, Article No: e104002, Year: 2018
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
Targeting at the artificial forests of Caragana korshinskii Kom. at the agro-pasture zigzag zone of Inner Mongolia, China, we applied four stump treatments before thawing in the spring of early March, 2016, including stumping at 0, 10 or 20 cm, and no stumping. In August the same year, the roots and soil moistures were hierarchically sampled using a quarter circle method. Then the spatial distributions of root morphology indices and soil water content at different root diameter levels of C. korshinskii were studied. It was found (1) the roots at three diameter levels after different treatments tended to be distributed at shallow layers, and mainly at the 0-40 cm layer, but rarely at the 180-200 cm layer. The root morphological indices shared basically consistent space distributive laws as the soil water contents, as both decreased with the increase of soil depth or horizontal distance from the trunk. (2) After different stumping treatments, the root distributions were positively correlated with the soil water contents, and the correlation coefficients of total root length, root volume, and specific root length with soil water contents were 0.725, 0.740 and 0.570, respectively. This study may theoretically underlie the planting management and vegetation recovery of artificial C. korshinskii forests in arid areas.
Keywords: Agro-pasture zigzag zone, Caragana korshinskii, total root length, root volume, specific root length, soil water content
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Study on Introduction Carbon Management into Environmental Management of Tourist Destinations
Xinliang Ye, Ruihong Sun, Jun Gao
Issue: 104, Pages: 21-32, Article No: e104003, Year: 2018
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
Tourist destinations in China face pressure from the target that carbon emissions Per unit GDP dropping 40-45% from 2005 to 2020, as tourist activities almost happen in destinations and the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the tourism industry are mainly in destination. Carbon management is a new framework being built based on the ecosystem carbon cycle and environmental management and offers a new way to improve present management in destinations. How to introduce carbon management planning into tourist destination management to achieve low-cost carbon emission reduction targets has become a hot topic for research. While emissions are produced in travel to the destination, this study only examines in destination travel and looked destination as an integrated system to discuss future development by reconciling climate change, environmental management and tourism growth. Firstly, this article reviews past research about carbon management in China and abroad, followed by an analysis the key issues and the basis of carbon management at a tourist destination. Carbon management seeks to manage the carbon cycle system process, and the key problem to be solved is how to keep the carbon cycle in smooth operation, so that the tourism industry and the environment achieve coordinated sustainable development. Analysis of the operation, dynamic mechanism, and restraint mechanisms of carbon management in tourist destination, leads to the conclusion that the basic operating mechanism for carbon management involves carbon sinks. The forces driving change in this area are clean development and carbon trading. Stakeholder collaboration and responsibilities for carbon reduction are the main constraints.
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